Google Log In
  • Help
  • Changelog
  • Settings
  • Theming
  • New to Chem?
- Hit 'F' or click in the searchbox to search element symbol and name from the beginning of the name

- Hitting 'Enter' or 'Esc' while searching will keep the selected element and turn off 'Hover to Select'

- Hit 'M' to toggle whether or not to display element info on mouse-over, or click on an element to toggle

- Right click on an element to get a quick list of actions for that element (i.e. search on Google)

- Use the 'Information' and 'Orbital Filling' tabs to view properties and orbital filling patterns - quick select respective tabs with 'I' and 'O'

- Click the 'See More On Wikipedia' link in the right pane to view the element on Wikipedia

- Click on any of the properties in the right pane to show color-weighted trends in the table

- Hit the left/right/up/down arrow keys navigate elements

- View a high-contrast version of the table by clicking on the indicator or hitting 'C'

- Settings and theming options can be customized by clicking 'Help and Settings' in the right pane

- The right pane and searchbox can be hidden to maximize space by clicking the button in the bottom-right corner or hitting 'H'

Recent Version Changes

0.9.2

added unit conversion available on property hover for premium users
added grouping of similar elements, properties switchable on property hover
added information:
- second ionization energy
- third ionization energy
- common ions
made elements with an 'Unknown' property show transparent on property render
changed the default color scheme for the 'series' property
changed the app's name to 'ChemReference: Periodic Table' to increase search relevance
changer the feedback button's url to that of the new webstore feedback area

0.9.1

made the constants and their values highlight-able
changed the default colors used in rendering 'series' on the table

0.9.0

the series key is now visible when the right pane is hidden
'high contrast mode' can be toggled when the right pane is hidden
searching is now enabled in all modes (except for when in 'help & settings')
the 'high contrast' and 'select on hover' indicators/buttons are now in the bottom left corner of the screen
the new main navigation toolbar on the right side of the screen allows for changing of the main content
- this was a design driven by the need for more space for information and the upcoming need to change the main viewing area intuitively
- buttons housed in the navigation show: the periodic table, visualization, Wikipedia, WebElements, and settings
- the links to Wikipedia and WebElements that are now housed in the right navigation and are also selectable with 'W' and 'E'
- outside links open within Element by default can be turned into out of page links in the settings
the new visualization view shows an electron shell visualization for all elements
there is a new 'constants' pane available above the periodic table
- two 'favorite' constants can be toggled by clicking the 'more' button and checking the numbers to the left of the table
there are now two overall themes: a 'light' grayscale theme and the default 'dark' theme
new information added:
- Empirical Radius
- Covalent Radius
- Van der Waals Radius
- Mohs Hardness
- Vickers Hardness

0.8.2

fixed a spelling error: 'Cerium' was incorrectly spelled 'Cereum'

0.8.1

replaced an overlooked and outdated image
removed some extraneous image files that jacked up the file size

0.8.0

fixed (because I accidentally broke) the theming system to prevent reset of default colors on refresh
improved the row/col numbering to be less in the way and auto-highlite the current row/col
slightly redesigned the interface for better aesthetics and improved work-flow
- added a new tabbed interface in the right pane
- moved the searchbox into the right pane
- changed the colors/shadows/look of some parts of the interface
- redesigned the 'Help & Settings' page for consistent look and feel
added an orbital filling tab, showing core electron configuration and filling
added new information
- shear modulus
- young modulus

0.7.4

fixed a spelling error: 'Darmstadtium' was incorrectly spelled 'Darmstadium'

0.7.3

fixed issues with correctly storing settings and information and displaying them on first run
added up/down keyboard navigation
added row/column numbering (off by default, can be turned on in settings)

0.7.2

fixed one of the visual cues not showing up correctly
fixed a bug where the active element's border would not stay white when a different property was rendered
fixed a bug where the key would be shown in high contrast mode upon (un)/hiding while series is rendered
fixed the buttons in the right pane from rendering incorrectly at some resolutions
added a feedback button linking to chrome store reviews, also doubles as a more subtle update indicator
added new information:
- specific heat
- heat of fusion
- heat of vaporization

0.7.1

fixed an oversight, significantly speeding up selecting elements on hover, making it much more usable
disabled keyboard shortcuts while the dialog box is shown
added a custom context menu on right click of elements; quick links to Wikipedia and Google

0.7.0

made hitting left and right arrow keys now shows the previous/next element
the series key, searchbox, and select-on-hover indicator are now fully opaque
the series key is bigger, along with the font, to improve readability
'high contrast mode' has been added; quickly toggle-able with 'C' or by clicking the indicator
'high contrast mode' can now be set to on/off by default in the new settings dialog
hover-to-select can now be set to on/off by default in the settings dialog
the right pane, searchbox, and key can be hidden to maximize space by clicking the bottom right button
the table can be set to start with the searchbox etc. hidden/visible in the settings dialog
the colors for the elements' series can be customized in the new theming dialog
new information added:
- calculated radius
- brinell hardness
- bulk modulus
- stp density
- thermal conductivity

0.5.3.1

changed search behavior to search only from beginning of name and symbol
added 'f' hotkey to initiate search
added indicator as to whether or not elements will be shown on hover
added 'm' hotkey to quickly toggle whether or not to show elements on hover
fixed slight clipping of font in the table
added 'Help and Changelog' dialog

0.5.2

Fixed small rendering bug

0.5.1

Fixed font inconsistencies
Slightly re-positioned parts of interface
Added mousing over to quickly show elements, clicking to semi-permanently show them

Hover to select on by default: YesNo

High Contrast Mode on by default: YesNo

Hide the right pane, searchbox, etc. by default: YesNo

Disable animation when hiding the right pane: YesNo

Show row/column numbering: YesNo

Open links to Wikipedia and WebElements internally (within page): YesNo

Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Transition Metals
Post-Transition Metals
Metalloids
Other Nonmetals
Halogens
Noble Gases
Lanthanoid Series
Actinoid Series
Restore Default Colors
You can read a much more nicely formatted version of this article here.
Do you frequently find yourself looking for online chemistry help? You're not alone. Chemistry can be a very tricky course for many students in high school and college. But though it can be difficult to understand at times, making sure you understand the basics and are capable of problem solving will save you lots of headache in the course. So here's what you need to know to survive your first course in chemistry.

Learn to Read, Understand, and Use the Periodic Table



Love it or hate it, you'll be looking at a periodic table for much of the semester, so it's important you know your way around the thing. It'll be a huge help to every aspect of chemistry if you can use it. You might have trouble finding a given element quickly - don't worry, we've got you covered with an online, searchable periodic table. Now that you've got that, let's look at what the table represents.

Structure

The periodic table is an arrangement of the fundamental elements such that their commonality is more easily visualized and grouped. In other words, elements are laid out so that we can quickly pick them out according to the properties we are looking at. There are a couple different things worth looking at here.

Groups, also known as families, are the vertical columns on the table. Groups exhibit a few trends. As one moves down the group, the elements gain more electrons and thus have more energy levels. This means that the outermost electrons will be pushed farther from the nucleus. This causes atomic radius to increase and ionization energy to decrease as you go down.

Periods, also known as series, are the horizontal rows. Periods, like groups, exhibit trends in atomic radius and ionization energy to name a couple. Atomic radius tends to decrease from left to right and ionization energy increases.

The table can also be divided into blocks. These blocks are useful for predicting electron orbital filling, which you'll learn about later in Chemistry class. They are labeled s, p, d, and f and reflect the shell that the "outermost" electron occupies.

On many periodic tables there are two rows at the very bottom that are separated from the rest. These two rows actually fit in to the table right after the Alkaline Earth Metals column as seen to the right. They are usually moved below the table to condense space.

Trends

Many elements have properties that exhibit trends as you move across the periodic table. For instance, atomic radius tends to increase as you move left and downwards across the table, whereas first ionization energy tends to increase as you move right and upwards. You can easily view many other trends on our periodic table by clicking on properties in the right pane.

Know How to Google Example Problems and Get Chemistry Help

There are lots of times when you'll be working a problem and hit a little hang up. It may not be worth contacting an instructor but you still need to know how to do it. Fortunately, you can find almost every single problem type on the internet.

Search Yahoo Answers

I believe I've found every problem I've ever looked for on yahoo answers, or at least one that's very close to what I need. You can search yahoo answers easily by including this little line in your Google search:

site:answers.yahoo.com your search here
Google is really good about finding related problems if you just copy and paste the problem off your online chemistry homework or out of your text book, but if you don't get any hits off your search, try removing some of the punctuation or a few of the specific numbers from the problem. This should return problems that are very similar to what you've got.

Go to Your School's Help Sessions

Many colleges have out-of-class help or tutoring sessions. Use them. Go ask questions. Even if you don't manage to get any decent help from the tutors, talking about the problem often helps you realize your mistakes or oversights. As an added bonus, it helps just a bit to ward off procrastination, which we're all guilty of.

Get Every Possible Point of Partial Credit on Exams



You're probably not going to know how to do every problem on your chemistry exams, but that's okay. Many schools will cut you a break by giving out partial credit - and you can get a lot of this if you take the right approach when working problems. So make sure you:

Always Include Units

Always write your units in every single step of a problem. To many graders, units are as important as numbers, so don't forget to write them down. Also make sure to clearly indicate conversions.

Write Down What You Do

If your work isn't the clearest (although you should try to write as best you can), make sure to include notes to the grader indicating what you did in a given step. They'll be more likely to give you the points if they think you had some idea of what you're doing.

Work Both Ends of a Problem

If you're stuck on a problem but you got a bit of a start on it, try working backwards from the final answer. You should have some idea of what the final answer should look like, whether that be an estimate, a format, or a intelligent guess. You might be able to work backward from the end and forward from the beginning and fudge it to make it mesh in the middle. Hey, at this point you're just trying not to lose all your points (relevant XKCD [the alt-text]).

Practice Chemistry Constantly



You may hate doing homework and practice all the time, but it'll help you tremendously. Do every practice problem and assignment that your instructor provides. Although it's incredibly dull, it will pay dividends when you get to the exam. The constant practice will drill the procedure into your head and make the test a breeze, even under pressure.

Chemistry doesn't have to be all that hard - well Chemistry I doesn't (no guarantees on the next few). You don't necessarily need to be Googling for online chemistry help and may not even need any chemistry tutoring. Just make sure you can do the procedure type for each problem and practice a lot. Just follow this with all the other tips, and you'll be through it in no time.



> Hide ('H')
Remove Ads
Other NonmetalsAlkali MetalsAlkaline Earth MetalsPost-Trans MetalsLanthanoids
Transition MetalsMetalloidsHalogensNoble GasesActinoids
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1

1

H

Hydrogen

Nonmetal

1.00794

14.01

20.28

2.20

72.8

1312.0

Unknown

Unknown

53

25

37

120

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0.0899

0.1805

14300

0.558

0.452

H+

1s1

2

He

Helium

4.002602

Noble Gas

0

4.22

Unknown

0

N/A

2372.3

5250.5

Unknown

31

Unknown

32

140

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0.1785

0.1513

5193.1

0.02

0.083

1s2

2

3

Li

Lithium

6.941

Alkali Metal

453.69

1615

0.98

59.6

Li+

520.2

7298.1

11815

167

145

134

182

Unknown

0.6

Unknown

11

4.2

4.9

535

85

3570

3.0

147

[He] 2s1

4

Be

Beryllium

9.012182

Alkaline Earth Metal

1560

2743

1.57

0

Be2+

899.5

1757.1

14848.7

112

105

90

Unknown

600

5.5

1670

130

132

287

1848

190

1820

7.95

297

[He] 2s2

5

B

Boron

10.811

Metalloid

2348

4273

2.04

26.7

N/A

800.6

2427.1

3659.7

87

85

82

Unknown

Unknown

9.3

49000

320

Unknown

Unknown

2460

27

1030

50

507

[He] 2s2 2p1

6

C

Carbon

12.0107

Nonmetal

3823

4300

2.55

153.9

C4-, C22-

1086.5

2352.6

4620.5

67

70

77

170

Unknown

0.5

Unknown

33

Unknown

Unknown

2260

140

710

105

715

[He] 2s2 2p2

7

N

Nitrogen

14.0067

Nonmetal

63.05

77.36

3.04

7

N3-

1402.3

2856

4578.1

56

65

75

155

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

1.251

0.02583

1040

0.36

2.79

[He] 2s2 2p3

8

O

Oxygen

15.9994

Nonmetal

54.8

90.2

3.44

141

O2-

1313.9

3388.3

5300.5

48

60

73

152

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

1.429

0.02658

919

0.222

3.41

[He] 2s2 2p4

9

F

Fluorine

18.9984032

Halogen

53.5

85.03

3.98

328

F-

1681.0

3374.2

6050.4

42

50

71

147

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

1.696

0.0277

824

0.26

3.27

[He] 2s2 2p5

10

Ne

Neon

20.1797

Noble Gas

24.56

27.07

Unknown

0

N/A

2080.7

3952.3

6122

38

Unknown

69

154

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0.9

0.0491

1030

0.34

1.75

[He] 2s2 2p6

3

11

Na

Sodium

22.9898

Alkali Metal

370.87

1156

0.93

52.8

Na+

495.8

4562

6910.3

190

180

154

227

0.69

0.5

Unknown

6.3

3.3

10

968

140

1230

2.60

97.7

[Ne] 3s1

12

Mg

Magnesium

24.3050

Alkaline Earth Metal

923

1363

1.31

0

Mg2+

737.7

1450.7

7732.7

145

150

130

173

260

2.5

Unknown

45

17

45

1738

160

1020

8.7

128

[Ne] 3s2

13

Al

Aluminum

26.9815

Post-Transition Metal

933.47

2792

1.61

42.5

Al3+

577.5

1816.7

2744.8

118

125

118

Unknown

245

2.75

167

76

26

70

2700

235

904

10.7

293

[Ne] 3s2 3p1

14

Si

Silicon

28.0855

Metalloid

1687

3173

1.90

133.6

N/A

786.5

1577.1

3231.6

111

110

111

210

Unknown

6.5

Unknown

100

Unknown

47

2330

150

710

50.2

359

[Ne] 3s2 3p2

15

P

Phosphorus

30.9738

Nonmetal

317.3

553.6

2.19

72

P3-

1011.8

1907

2914.1

98

100

106

180

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

11

Unknown

Unknown

1823

0.236

769.7

0.64

12.4

[Ne] 3s2 3p3

16

S

Sulfur

32.0650

Nonmetal

388.36

717.87

2.58

200

S2-

999.6

2252

3357

88

100

102

180

Unknown

2

Unknown

7.7

Unknown

Unknown

1960

0.205

705

1.73

9.8

[Ne] 3s2 3p4

17

Cl

Chlorine

35.4530

Halogen

171.6

239.11

3.16

349

Cl-

1251.2

2298

3822

79

100

99

175

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

1.1

Unknown

Unknown

3.214

0.0089

478.2

3.2

10.2

[Ne] 3s2 3p5

18

Ar

Argon

39.9480

Noble Gas

83.8

87.3

Unknown

0

N/A

1520.6

2665.8

3931

71

71

97

188

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

1.784

0.01772

520.33

1.18

6.5

[Ne] 3s2 3p6

4

19

K

Potassium

39.0983

Alkali Metal

336.53

1032

0.82

48.4

K+

418.8

3052

4420

243

220

196

275

0.363

0.4

Unknown

3.1

1.3

Unknown

856

100

757

2.33

76.9

[Ar] 4s1

20

Ca

Calcium

40.0780

Alkaline Earth Metal

1115

1757

1.0

2.37

Ca2+

589.8

1145.4

4912.4

194

180

174

Unknown

167

1.75

Unknown

17

7.4

20

1550

200

631

8.54

155

[Ar] 4s2

21

Sc

Scandium

44.9559

Transition Metal

1814

3103

1.36

18.1

Sc3+

633.1

1235

2388.6

184

160

144

Unknown

750

Unknown

Unknown

57

29

74

2985

16

567

16

318

[Ar] 4s2 3d1

22

Ti

Titanium

47.8670

Transition Metal

1941

3560

1.54

7.6

Ti3+, Ti4+

658.8

1309.8

2652.5

176

140

136

Unknown

716

6

970

110

44

116

4507

22

520

18.7

425

[Ar] 4s2 3d2

23

V

Vanadium

50.9415

Transition Metal

2183

3680

1.63

50.6

V3+

650.9

1414

2830

171

135

125

Unknown

628

7

628

160

47

128

6110

31

489

22.8

453

[Ar] 4s2 3d3

24

Cr

Chromium

51.9961

Transition Metal

2180

2944

1.66

64.3

Cr2+, Cr3+

652.9

1590.6

2987

166

140

127

Unknown

1120

8.5

1060

160

115

279

7140

94

448

20.5

339

[Ar] 4s1 3d5

25

Mn

Manganese

54.9380

Transition Metal

1519

2334

1.55

0

Mn2+

717.3

1509

3248

161

140

139

Unknown

196

6

Unknown

120

Unknown

198

7470

7.8

479

13.2

220

[Ar] 4s2 3d5

26

Fe

Iron

55.8450

Transition Metal

1811

3134

1.83

15.7

Fe2+, Fe3+

762.5

1561.9

2957

156

140

125

Unknown

490

4

608

170

82

211

7874

80

449

13.8

347

[Ar] 4s2 3d6

27

Co

Cobalt

58.9332

Transition Metal

1768

3200

1.88

63.7

Co2+, Co3+

760.4

1648

3232

152

135

126

Unknown

700

5

1043

180

75

209

8900

100

421

16.2

375

[Ar] 4s2 3d7

28

Ni

Nickel

58.6934

Transition Metal

1728

3186

1.91

112

Ni2+

737.1

1753

3395

149

135

121

163

700

4

638

180

76

200

8908

91

445

17.2

378

[Ar] 4s2 3d8

29

Cu

Copper

63.5460

Transition Metal

1357.77

3200

1.90

118.4

Cu+, Cu2+

745.5

1957.9

3555

145

135

138

140

874

3

369

140

48

130

8920

400

384.4

13.1

300

[Ar] 4s1 3d10

30

Zn

Zinc

65.3800

Transition Metal

692.68

1180

1.65

0

Zn2+

906.4

1733.3

3833

142

135

131

139

412

2.5

Unknown

70

43

108

7140

120

388

7.35

119

[Ar] 4s2 3d10

31

Ga

Gallium

69.7230

Post-Transition Metal

302.91

2477

1.81

28.9

Ga3+

578.8

1979.3

2963

136

130

126

187

60

1.5

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

5904

29

371

5.59

256

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1

32

Ge

Germanium

72.6300

Metalloid

1211.4

3093

2.01

119

N/A

762

1537.5

3302.1

125

125

122

Unknown

Unknown

6

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

5323

60

321.4

31.8

334

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p2

33

As

Arsenic

74.9216

Metalloid

1090

887

2.18

78

As3+

947.0

1798

2735

114

115

119

185

1440

3.5

Unknown

22

Unknown

8

5727

50

328

27.7

32.4

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p3

34

Se

Selenium

78.9600

Nonmetal

494

958

2.55

195

Se2-

941.0

2045

2973.7

103

115

116

190

736

2

Unknown

8.3

3.7

10

4819

0.52

321.2

5.4

26

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4

35

Br

Bromine

79.9040

Halogen

265.8

332

2.96

324.6

Br-

1139.9

2103

3470

94

115

114

185

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

1.9

Unknown

Unknown

3120

0.12

947.3

5.8

14.8

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5

36

Kr

Krypton

83.7980

Noble Gas

115.79

119.93

3.0

0

N/A

1350.8

2350.4

3565

88

Unknown

110

202

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

3.75

0.00943

248.05

1.64

9.02

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p6

5

37

Rb

Rubidium

85.4678

Alkali Metal

312.46

961

0.82

46.9

Rb+

403.0

2633

3860

265

235

211

Unknown

0.216

0.3

Unknown

2.5

Unknown

2.4

1532

58

364

2.19

72

[Kr] 5s1

38

Sr

Strontium

87.6200

Alkaline Earth Metal

1050

1655

0.95

5.03

Sr2+

549.5

1064.2

4138

219

200

192

Unknown

Unknown

1.5

Unknown

Unknown

6.1

Unknown

2630

35

300

8

137

[Kr] 5s2

39

Y

Yttrium

88.9059

Transition Metal

1799

3618

1.22

29.6

N/A

600

1180

1980

212

180

162

Unknown

589

Unknown

Unknown

41

26

64

4472

17

298

11.4

380

[Kr] 5s2 4d1

40

Zr

Zirconium

91.2240

Transition Metal

2128

4682

1.33

41.1

N/A

640.1

1270

2218

206

155

148

Unknown

650

5

903

Unknown

33

68

6511

23

278

21

580

[Kr] 5s2 4d2

41

Nb

Niobium

92.9064

Transition Metal

2750

5017

1.6

86.1

N/A

652.1

1380

2416

198

145

137

Unknown

736

6

1320

170

38

105

8570

54

265

26.8

690

[Kr] 5s1 4d4

42

Mo

Molybdenum

95.9600

Transition Metal

2896

4912

2.16

71.9

N/A

684.3

1560

2618

190

145

145

Unknown

1500

5.5

1530

230

20

329

10280

139

251

36

600

[Kr] 5s1 4d5

43

Tc

Technetium

(98)

Transition Metal

2430

4538

1.9

53

N/A

702

1470

2850

183

135

156

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

11500

51

63

23

550

[Kr] 5s2 4d5

44

Ru

Ruthenium

101.0700

Transition Metal

2607

4423

2.2

101.3

N/A

710.2

1620

2747

178

130

126

Unknown

2160

6.5

Unknown

220

173

447

12370

120

238

25.7

580

[Kr] 5s1 4d7

45

Rh

Rhodium

102.9055

Transition Metal

2237

3968

2.28

109.7

N/A

719.7

1740

2997

173

135

135

Unknown

1100

6

1246

380

150

275

12450

150

240

21.7

495

[Kr] 5s1 4d8

46

Pd

Palladium

106.4200

Transition Metal

1828.05

3236

2.20

53.7

N/A

804.4

1870

3177

169

140

131

163

37.3

4.75

461

180

44

121

12023

72

240

16.7

380

[Kr] 4d10

47

Ag

Silver

107.8682

Transition Metal

1234.93

2435

1.93

125.6

Ag+

731.0

2070

3361

165

160

153

172

24.5

2.5

251

100

30

83

10490

430

235

11.3

255

[Kr] 5s1 4d10

48

Cd

Cadmium

112.4110

Transition Metal

594.22

1040

1.69

0

Cd2+

867.8

1631.4

3616

161

155

148

158

203

2

Unknown

42

19

50

8650

97

230

6.3

100

[Kr] 5s2 4d10

49

In

Indium

114.8180

Post-Transition Metal

429.75

2345

1.78

28.9

In3+

558.3

1820.7

2704

156

155

144

193

8.83

1.2

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

11

7310

82

233

3.26

230

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p1

50

Sn

Tin

118.7100

Post-Transition Metal

505.08

2875

1.96

107.3

Sn2+, Sn4+

708.6

1411.8

2943

145

145

141

217

51

1.5

Unknown

58

18

50

7310

67

217

7.0

290

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2

51

Sb

Antimony

121.7600

Metalloid

903.78

1860

2.05

103.2

Sb3+

834

1594.9

2440

133

145

138

Unknown

294

3

Unknown

42

20

55

6697

24

207

19.7

68

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3

52

Te

Tellurium

127.6000

Metalloid

722.66

1261

2.1

190.2

Te2-

869.3

1790

2698

123

140

135

206

180

2.25

Unknown

65

16

43

6240

3

201

17.5

48

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4

53

I

Iodine

126.9045

Halogen

386.85

457.4

2.66

295.2

I-

1008.4

1845.9

3180

115

140

133

198

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

7.7

Unknown

Unknown

4940

0.449

429

7.76

20.9

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5

54

Xe

Xenon

131.293

Noble Gas

161.3

165.1

2.6

0

N/A

1170.4

2046.4

3099.4

108

Unknown

130

216

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

5.9

0.00565

158.32

2.30

12.64

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p6

6

55

Cs

Caesium

132.9054

Alkali Metal

301.59

944

0.79

45.5

Cs+

375.7

2234.3

3400

298

260

225

Unknown

0.14

0.2

Unknown

1.6

Unknown

1.7

1879

36

242

2.09

65

[Xe] 6s1

56

Ba

Barium

137.3270

Alkaline Earth Metal

1000

2143

0.89

13.95

Ba2+

502.9

965.2

3600

253

215

198

Unknown

Unknown

1.25

Unknown

9.6

4.9

13

3510

18

205

8.0

140

[Xe] 6s2

72

Hf

Hafnium

178.4900

Transition Metal

2506

4876

1.3

0

N/A

658.5

1440

2250

208

155

150

Unknown

1700

5.5

1760

110

30

78

13310

23

144

25.5

630

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d2

73

Ta

Tantalum

180.9479

Transition Metal

3290

5731

1.5

31

N/A

761

1500

Unknown

200

145

138

Unknown

800

6.5

873

200

69

186

16650

57

140

36

735

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d3

74

W

Tungsten

183.8400

Transition Metal

3695

5828

2.36

78.6

N/A

770

1700

Unknown

193

135

146

Unknown

2570

7.5

3430

310

161

411

19250

170

132

35

800

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4

75

Re

Rhenium

186.2070

Transition Metal

3459

5869

1.9

14.5

N/A

760

1260

2510

188

135

159

Unknown

1320

7

2450

370

178

463

21020

48

137

33

705

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d5

76

Os

Osmium

190.2300

Transition Metal

3306

5285

2.2

106.1

N/A

840

1600

Unknown

185

130

128

Unknown

3920

7

Unknown

Unknown

222

Unknown

22610

88

130

31

630

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d6

77

Ir

Iridium

192.2170

Transition Metal

2739

4701

2.20

151

N/A

880

1600

Unknown

180

135

137

Unknown

1670

6.5

1760

320

210

528

22650

150

131

26

560

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d7

78

Pt

Platinum

195.0840

Transition Metal

2041.4

4098

2.28

205.3

N/A

870

1791

Unknown

177

135

128

175

392

3.5

549

230

61

168

21090

72

133

20

490

[Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d9

79

Au

Gold

196.9666

Transition Metal

1337.33

3129

2.54

222.8

Au+, Au3+

890.1

1980

Unknown

174

135

144

166

25

2.5

216

220

27

78

19300

320

129.1

12.5

330

[Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d10

80

Hg

Mercury

200.5900

Transition Metal

234.32

629.88

2.0

0

Hg22+, Hg2+

1007.1

1810

3300

171

150

149

155

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

25

Unknown

Unknown

13534

8.3

139.5

2.29

59.2

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10

81

Tl

Thallium

204.3833

Post-Transition Metal

577

1746

1.62

19.2

Tl+, Tl3+

589.4

1971

2878

156

190

148

196

26.4

1.2

Unknown

43

2.8

8

11850

46

129

4.2

165

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1

82

Pb

Lead

207.2

Post-Transition Metal

600.61

2022

2.33

35.1

Pb2+, Pb4+

715.6

1450.5

3081.5

154

180

147

202

38.3

1.5

Unknown

46

5.6

16

11340

35

127

4.77

178

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2

83

Bi

Bismuth

208.9804

Post-Transition Metal

544.4

1837

2.02

91.2

Bi3+

703

1610

2466

143

160

146

Unknown

94.2

2.25

Unknown

31

12

32

9780

8

122

10.9

160

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3

84

Po

Polonium

(209)

Metalloid

527

1235

2.0

183.3

N/A

812.1

Unknown

Unknown

135

190

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

9196

Unknown

Unknown

13

100

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4

85

At

Astatine

(210)

Halogen

575

610

2.2

270.1

N/A

890

Unknown

Unknown

127

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

2

Unknown

6

40

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p5

86

Rn

Radon

(222)

Noble Gas

202

211.3

Unknown

0

N/A

1037

Unknown

Unknown

120

Unknown

145

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

9.73

0.00361

93.65

3

17

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6

7

87

Fr

Francium

(223)

Alkali Metal

300

950

0.7

Unknown

N/A

380

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

2

65

[Rn] 7s1

88

Ra

Radium

(226)

Alkaline Earth Metal

973

2010

0.9

Unknown

N/A

509.3

979

Unknown

Unknown

215

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

5000

19

92

8

125

[Rn] 7s2

104

Rf

Rutherfordium

(267)

Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

580

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d2

105

Db

Dubnium

(268)

Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d3

106

Sg

Seaborgium

(271)

Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d4

107

Bh

Bohrium

(272)

Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d5

108

Hs

Hassium

(270)

Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d6

109

Mt

Meitnerium

(276)

Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d7

110

Ds

Darmstadtium

(281)

Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s1 5f14 6d9

111

Rg

Roentgenium

(280)

Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s1 5f14 6d10

112

Cn

Copernicium

(285)

Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10

113

Uut

Ununtrium

(284)

Post-Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p1

114

Fl

Flerovium

(289)

Post-Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p2

115

Uup

Ununpentium

(288)

Post-Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p3

116

Lv

Livermorium

(293)

Post-Transition Metal

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p4

117

Uus

Ununseptium

(294)

Halogen

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p5

118

Uuo

Ununoctium

(294)

Noble Gas

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6

57

La

Lanthanum

138.9055

Lanthanoid

1193

3737

1.10

48

N/A

538.1

1067

1850.3

Unknown

195

169

Unknown

363

2.5

491

28

14

37

6146

13

195

6.2

400

[Xe] 6s2 5d1

58

Ce

Cerium

140.1160

Lanthanoid

1071

3633

1.12

50

Ce3+, Ce4+

534.4

1050

1949

Unknown

185

Unknown

Unknown

412

2.5

270

22

14

34

6689

11

192

5.5

350

[Xe] 6s2 4f1 5d1

59

Pr

Praseodymium

140.9077

Lanthanoid

1204

3563

1.13

50

N/A

527

1020

2086

247

185

Unknown

Unknown

481

Unknown

400

29

15

37

6640

13

193

6.9

330

[Xe] 6s2 4f3

60

Nd

Neodymium

144.2420

Lanthanoid

1294

3373

1.14

50

N/A

533.1

1040

2130

206

185

Unknown

Unknown

265

Unknown

343

32

16

41

7010

17

190

7.1

285

[Xe] 6s2 4f4

61

Pm

Promethium

(145)

Lanthanoid

1373

3273

Unknown

50

N/A

540

1050

2150

205

185

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

33

18

46

7264

15

Unknown

7.7

290

[Xe] 6s2 4f5

62

Sm

Samarium

150.3600

Lanthanoid

1345

2076

1.17

50

N/A

544.5

1070

2260

238

185

Unknown

Unknown

441

Unknown

412

38

20

50

7353

13

196

8.6

175

[Xe] 6s2 4f6

63

Eu

Europium

151.9640

Lanthanoid

1095

1800

Unknown

50

N/A

547.1

1085

2404

231

185

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

167

8.3

7.9

18

5244

14

182

9.2

175

[Xe] 6s2 4f7

64

Gd

Gadolinium

157.2500

Lanthanoid

1586

3523

1.20

50

N/A

593.4

1170

1990

233

180

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

570

38

22

55

7901

11

240

10

305

[Xe] 6s2 4f7 5d1

65

Tb

Terbium

158.9254

Lanthanoid

1629

3503

Unknown

Unknown

50

N/A

565.8

1110

2114

225

175

Unknown

Unknown

677

38.7

863

22

56

8219

11

182

10.8

295

[Xe] 6s2 4f9

66

Dy

Dysprosium

162.5000

Lanthanoid

1685

2840

1.22

50

N/A

573.0

1130

2200

228

175

Unknown

Unknown

500

Unknown

540

41

25

61

8551

11

167

11.1

280

[Xe] 6s2 4f10

67

Ho

Holmium

164.9303

Lanthanoid

1747

2973

1.23

50

N/A

581.0

1140

2204

226

175

Unknown

Unknown

746

Unknown

481

40

26

65

8795

16

165

17.0

265

[Xe] 6s2 4f11

68

Er

Erbium

167.259

Lanthanoid

1770

3141

1.24

50

N/A

589.3

1150

2194

226

175

Unknown

Unknown

814

Unknown

589

44

28

70

9066

15

168

19.9

285

[Xe] 6s2 4f12

69

Tm

Thulium

168.9342

Lanthanoid

1818

2223

1.25

50

N/A

596.7

1160

2285

222

175

Unknown

Unknown

471

Unknown

520

45

31

74

9321

17

160

16.8

250

[Xe] 6s2 4f13

70

Yb

Ytterbium

173.0540

Lanthanoid

1092

1469

Unknown

50

N/A

603.4

1174.8

2417

222

175

Unknown

Unknown

343

Unknown

206

31

9.9

24

6570

39

154

7.7

160

[Xe] 6s2 4f14

71

Lu

Lutetium

174.9668

Lanthanoid

1936

3675

1.27

50

N/A

523.5

1340

2022.3

217

175

160

Unknown

893

Unknown

1160

48

27

69

9841

16

154

22

415

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1

89

Ac

Actinium

(227)

Actinoid

1323

3473

1.1

Unknown

N/A

499

1170

Unknown

Unknown

195

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

10070

12

120

14

400

[Rn] 7s2 6d1

90

Th

Thorium

232.0381

Actinoid

2023

5093

1.3

Unknown

N/A

587

1110

1930

Unknown

180

Unknown

Unknown

400

3

350

54

31

79

11724

54

118

16

530

[Rn] 7s2 6d2

91

Pa

Protactinium

231.0359

Actinoid

1845

4273

1.5

Unknown

N/A

568

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

180

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

15370

47

99.1

15

470

[Rn] 7s2 5f2 6d1

92

U

Uranium

238.0289

Actinoid

1408

4200

1.38

Unknown

N/A

597.6

1420

Unknown

Unknown

175

Unknown

186

2400

6

1960

100

111

208

19050

27

116

14

420

[Rn] 7s2 5f3 6d1

93

Np

Neptunium

(237)

Actinoid

917

4273

1.36

Unknown

N/A

604.5

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

175

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

20450

6

Unknown

10

335

[Rn] 7s2 5f4 6d1

94

Pu

Plutonium

(244)

Actinoid

913

3503

1.28

Unknown

N/A

584.7

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

175

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

43

96

19816

6

Unknown

Unknown

325

[Rn] 7s2 5f6

95

Am

Americium

(243)

Actinoid

1449

2284

1.3

Unknown

N/A

578

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

175

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

10

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f7

96

Cm

Curium

(247)

Actinoid

1618

3383

1.3

Unknown

N/A

581

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

13510

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f7 6d1

97

Bk

Berkelium

(247)

Actinoid

1323

Unknown

1.3

Unknown

N/A

601

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

14780

10

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f9

98

Cf

Californium

(251)

Actinoid

1173

Unknown

1.3

Unknown

N/A

608

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

15100

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f10

99

Es

Einsteinium

(252)

Actinoid

1133

Unknown

1.3

Unknown

N/A

619

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f11

100

Fm

Fermium

(257)

Actinoid

1800

Unknown

1.3

Unknown

N/A

627

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f12

101

Md

Mendelevium

(258)

Actinoid

1100

Unknown

1.3

Unknown

N/A

635

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f13

102

No

Nobelium

(259)

Actinoid

1100

Unknown

1.3

Unknown

N/A

642

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14

103

Lr

Lawrencium

(262)

Actinoid

1900

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

N/A

470

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 7p1